说明文是介绍说明客观事物的一种文体。它主要说明这种事物的形态、性质、成因、构造、功能等特征。它只是客观地介绍、解释事物,使读者获得知识和信息,并不需要发表主张、做出证明。文体简介、物品介绍、解说词、说明书、影视介绍、书评、实验报告等都属说明文之列。
说明文的命题形式多为提纲类作文或图表类作文,时态通常用一般现在时,主体人称为第三人称。
在做说明文的书面表达时,要明确说明的事物或事理的主要特征,选择合理的说明顺序和恰当的说明方法,语言要确切无误、通俗浅显,要尽量选用那些典型、新颖的素材来吸引读者。
句式表达
要根据实际情况综合运用多种说明方式,以便从不同角度、不同方面把说明对象完整地介绍出来,从而增强表达效果。同时,注意运用适当的句式来体现上下文的逻辑关系。
A.表示时间
1.Now we’ll get on to the next item on the agenda.现在我们来讨论下一项议程。
2.Nowadays,when you enter any middle school classroom,you can hardly find any student without glasses on their nose.如今当你进入任何一所中学的教室时,你几乎找不到一个不戴眼镜的学生。
3....want to know what happened afterwards.……想要知道之后发生了什么事。
B.表示空间
1.In front of it is...,with...on its left and...on its right.在它前面是……,……在其左,……在其右。
2.Next to the door against the wall there is a...,in which we sit to watch TV every evening.在门旁边的墙上有一个……我们每天晚上都坐在那里看电视。
3.On your left lies a...,with all kinds of...in it.在你的左手边有一个……,里面装有各种各样的……
C.表示顺序
1.First,students often tiredly study with their eyes till deep night.Second,many students don’t pay attention to the health protection of their eyes.Third,fewer sleep can also harm one’s eyesight.首先,学生们常常学习到深夜,用眼过度。第二,许多学生不注意对自己眼睛的保护。第三,睡眠减少也会损害视力。
2.First of all,you should know what...suits you.首先,你该知道什么……适合你。
3.At last he touched down on the mainland.最后他在大陆上着陆了。
D.表示递进
1.It’s a useful book,and what’s more,not an expensive one.这是一本很有用的书,况且又不贵。
2.She has mused that question once more.她已经又一次仔细思考了那个问题。
3.In addition,they do not match very much.除此之外,他们两人并不十分般配。
E.表示解释
1.For instance,would it be a breach of faith?譬如,这样是不是算不忠实呢?
2.According to this,we must enhance legal education for teenagers.有鉴于此,我们必须加强对青少年的法治教育。
3.To tell you the truth,I don’t quite agree with you.说真的,我不太同意你的意见。
4.That is to say,we must win this game.也就是说,我们必须赢得这场比赛。
F.表示比较
1....is completely different from...……和……完全不同。
2.The difference between...and...is/lies in...……和……不同的地方是……
3.not that...but that...不是……而是……
4.His new novel is unlike all his previous ones.他新出的这部小说与他以前的都不同。
5.Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.与其说成功在于运气,不如说在于辛勤努力。
G.表示原因
1.There are three reasons for this.这有三个原因。
2.The reasons for this are as follows.这样做的理由如下。
3.The reason for this is obvious.原因很明显。
4.The reason for this is not far to seek.这样做的原因并不难找到。
5.The reason for this is that...这样做的原因是……
6.We have good reason to believe that...我们有充分的理由相信……
H.表示好处
1.It has the following advantages.它有以下优点。
2.It does us a lot of good.这对我们有很多好处。
3.It benefits us quite a lot.这对我们有很多的好处。
4.It is beneficial to us.这对我们是有益的。
5.It is of great benefit to us.这对我们有很大的好处。
I.表示坏处
1.It has more disadvantages than advantages.它弊大于利。
2.It does us much harm.这对我们造成了很大的伤害。
3.It is harmful to us.这对我们是有害的。
J.表示措施
1.We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取一些有效的措施。
2.We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽力克服困难。
3.We should do our utmost to do sth.我们应该尽最大的努力去做……
4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的问题。
K.表示变化
1.Some changes have taken place in the past five years.在过去的五年中发生了一些变化。(www.zuozong.com)
2.A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.世界上的交流肯定会产生巨大的变化。
3.The computer has brought about many changes in education.计算机给教育带来了许多变化。
L.表示数量
1.It has increased/decreased from...to...它已经从……增加/减少到……
2.The population in this city has now increased/decreased to...这个城市的人口现在已经增加/减少到……
3.The output of July in this factory increased by 15%compared with that of....与……月份相比,这个工厂七月份的产量增加了15%。
模板提示
写说明文宜采用三段式:主要介绍要说明的对象及说明的目的;说明事物的主要特征或做事情的方法步骤;进行总结概括。具体模板如下:
1.
________is a most effective_______to________(事物的必要性).For most people,it is almost impossible to________(该事物对多数人的重要意义).________is really________(该事物的优势或显著特点).With the functions of________,it enables us to______(事物的作用).It can even________(事物的作用).Just imagine,all this can be done with_______,but it doesn’t always help_______(事物的另一方面).Too many_______(总结说明该事物的负面影响).
2.
Nowadays,there are more and more_______in some big cities.It is estimated that____(说明现象).Why have there been so many?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first reason is that_______(原因).Besides,________(原因).The third reason is_______(原因).To sum up,the main cause of_______is due to_______(主要原因).It is high time that something should be done.For one thing,_______(提建议).For another thing,_______.All these measures will certainly_______(建议).What I have known about is that___________(某事物).Firstly,______(要点)._______(要点).Secondly,_____________(要点).________(要点).As a college student,_______(总结该事物带来的影响).
真题例解
请根据以下信息要点,介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术。内容包括:
技术名称:DNA检测
检测方法:唾液样本分析
检测费用:125英镑
检测时长:4到6周
检测用途:预测重大疾病,预知食物偏好,提示合适的锻炼方式。
检测影响:增强健康意识和易引起过度焦虑。
唾液样本:saliva sample
写作要求:只能用5个句子表达全部内容。
(2015·全国高考 广东卷)
【写作导航】
1.审清题目
这篇作文主要考查考生对事物的说明能力、阅读概括能力和语言的组织能力。需要概括的医疗新技术的材料是考生不太熟悉的内容,要尽量使用自己熟悉的句式来写。用5个句子概括医疗新技术时,要求必须用上所有的要点,不能遗漏。就本文而言,人称以第三人称为主,时态应该用一般现在时和一般将来时。
2.梳理要点
①DNA检测是对唾液样品进行分析的DNA检测方法,是国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术。
②它能预测人们是否有特别的食物偏好,提醒他们进行适当的运动。
③此项检查要付125英镑,需要4至6周的时长来完成检测报告。
④它能够让人们重视身体健康。
3.列出提纲
①DNA检测是一项……的新技术。(DNA detection is a new technology of...)
②对……挑剔(are particular about sth.);提醒某人做……(remind sb.to do sth.)
③为……付多少钱(pay...for sth.);花费时间做……(It takes some time to do sth.)
④重视……(attach importance to...)
4.布局结构
①说明DNA检测是什么。
②说明如何检测,耗时多少,花费多少。
③DNA检测有什么用途及影响等。
【佳作选登】
DNA Detection
DNA detection is a new technology of foreign medical industry,①which is based on the analysis of saliva sample.We can use it to detect①whether people have major④illness,predict whether people②are particular about food and②remind people to take proper exercise.People should②pay 125 pounds for it.It takes four to six weeks to finish the report.③With the detection finished,we can realize we are supposed to strengthen our bodies and②attach importance to health care.It may cause too many worries.
【名师点评】
本文包含了考题要求的所有信息要点,内容完整,语言丰富,多种句式的交替使用使得行文生动,提升了语言的表达档次。
①文中which引导的非限制性定语从句和whether引导的宾语从句的恰当运用,使文章内容更加充实。
②are particular about、remind sb.to、pay...for sth.、attach importance to等亮点短语的使用,赋予了文章别样的风采。
③准确地使用了独立主格形式with the detection finished,展示了作者娴熟的语法运用能力。
④用词错误,应将illness改为illnesses。
【完善建议】
题目要求写5句,本文写了6句。同时,文中也存在个别不足之处,如说明过程中某些句子间的衔接不够紧密。适当加上关联词、过渡语,会使上下文承接自然,如将It may cause too many worries.改成However,it may cause too many worries.等。
【参考答案】
DNA Detection
DNA detection is a new technology of foreign medical industry,which is based on the analysis of saliva sample.We can use it to detect whether people have major illnesses,predict whether people are particular about food and remind people to take proper exercise.People should pay 125 pounds for it and wait four to six weeks to get the report.With the detection finished,we can realize we are supposed to strengthen our bodies and attach importance to health care.However,it may cause too many worries.
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